The leaves of Syzygium cumini is an attractive leaves of myrtaceae family . The purpose of this study was investigating experimentally the possible anti asthma activity of macerated and soxhlet extracts of leaves of this plant on tracheal chains of guinea pigs were evaluated. The relaxant effects of 4 cumulative concentrations of macerated and soxhlet extracts (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 W/V) in comparison with saline as negative control and 4 cumulative concentrations of theophylline (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mM) as positive control were examined on precontracted tracheal chains of two groups of 6 guinea pig by 60 mM KCl (group 1, N=6) and 10 µM methacholine the non-incubated tissues (group 2, N = 6) and tissues incubated with 1 µM propranolol (group 3, N = 4) [15]. Decrease in contractile tone of tracheal chains was considered as relaxant effect. The isolated guinea-pig trachea pre-contracted with KCl, methacholine and tissues incubated with propranolol were used to study the relaxation of macerated and soxhlet extracts of leaves Syzygium cumini. In group 1 experiments only the last one higher concentrations of theophylline and soxhlet extract showed significant relaxant effect compared to that of saline for both concentrations), which were significantly greater than those of macerated extracts for all cases).In group 2 experiments only the last two higher concentrations of theophylline and soxhlet extract showed significant relaxant effect compared to that of saline. The effects of two higher concentrations of theophylline in this group were significantly greater than those of macerated and soxhlet extracts And in group 2 and 3 experiments both macerated and soxhlet extracts showed concentration-dependent relaxant effects compared to that of saline to for both extracts).The relaxant effects of macerated and soxhlet extracts in group 1 were significantly lower than those of groups 2 and 3.In group 3 experiment potent relaxant effect was observed.

The purpose of this study was to develop a new micropropagation system for Tylophora indica, an important medicinal plant in India, using leaf explants as starting material. Leaf explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with 2mg/L NAA and 1mg/L BAP, compact greenish white callus resulted from leaf explants. From leaf explants on MS + 2mg/L 2,4-D + 0.75 mg/L BAP and MS + 2.5mg/L 2,4,5-T + 0.5 mg/L BAP, friable callus was obtained. The compact callus also yielded friable callus when transferred to B5 medium supplemented with 0.75 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2 mg/L NAA. These calli were non morphogenetic. Morphogenetic compact callus derived from leaf explants differentiated shoots on MS + 1.0mg/L 2ip + 4mg/L KIN. Good rooting response was observed when regenerated shoots were inoculated in ½ MS with 2.0% sucrose. Such plantlets ere successfully transferred to soil after hardening, with a high rate of survival. The plants were comparable to natural population in growth in vigour.

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the bite of certain species of sand fly (subfamily Phlebotominae). It is the second largest parasitic killer in the world (after malaria), responsible for an estimated 500,000 cases each year worldwide.(1) the parasite migrates to the internal organs such as liver, spleen (hence 'visceral)' and bone marrow and if left untreated will almost always result in the death of the host. Signs and symptoms include fever, weight loss, mucosal ulcers, fatigue, anemia and substantial swelling of the liver and spleen. Of particular concern, according to the world health organization (WHO), is the emerging problem of HIV/VL co-infection.(2)

Ionic liquids (IL) represent fascinating new class of solvents with unusual physical and chemical properties; low melting salts (up to 1000C). The main driving force for research in this area is the need to find replacement for environmentally damaging solvents in a wide range of chemical processes. To date, most chemical reactions have been carried out in molecular solvents. For the past twenty years, most of our understanding of our chemistry has been based upon the behavior of molecules in the solution phase in molecular solvents. Recently a new class of solvents has emerged called as Ionic liquids. An ionic liquid is an organic salt in which the ions are poorly coordinated, which results in these solvents being liquid below 100°C, or even at room temperature (room temperature ionic liquids, RTIL's). At least one ion has a delocalized charge and one component is organic, which prevents the formation of a stable crystal lattice. Ionic liquids are composed entirely of ions. For example, molten sodium chloride is an ionic liquid; in contrast, a solution of sodium chloride in water (a molecular solvent) is an ionic solution. The term “ionic liquids” has replaced the older phrase “molten salts” (or “melts”), which suggests that they are high-temperature, corrosive, viscous media (like molten minerals). The reality is that ionic liquids can be liquid at temperatures as low as –96°C. Furthermore, room-temperature ionic liquids are frequently colourless, fluid, and easy to handle. In the patent and academic literature, the term “ionic liquids” now refers to liquids composed entirely of ions that are fluid around or below 100°C1. Properties, such as melting point, viscosity, and solubility of starting materials and other solvents, are determined by the substituents on the organic component and by the counter ion. Many ionic liquids have even been developed for specific synthetic problems. For this reason, ionic liquids have been termed "designer solvents”. This means that their properties can be adjusted to suit the requirements of a particular process. Properties such as melting point, viscosity, density, and hydrophobicity can be varied by simple changes to the structure of the ions. For example, the melting points of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborates and hexafluorophosphates are a function of the length of the 1-alkyl group, and form liquid crystalline phases for alkyl chain lengths over 12 carbon atoms. Another important property that changes with structure is the miscibility of water in these ionic liquids. For example, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate salts are miscible with water at 25 °C where the alkyl chain length is less than 6, but at or above 6 carbon atoms, they form a separate phase when mixed with water. This behaviour can be of substantial benefit when carrying out solvent extractions or product separations, as the relative solubility’s of the ionic and extraction phase can be adjusted to make the separation as easy as possible. In addition, ionic liquids have practically no vapour pressure which facilitates product separation by distillation. There are also indications that switching from a normal organic solvent to an ionic liquid can lead to novel and unusual chemical reactivity. This opens up a wide field for future investigations into this new class of solvents in catalytic applications. Research into ionic liquids is booming. The first industrial process involving ionic liquids was announced in March 2003, and the potential of ionic liquids for new chemical technologies is beginning to be recognized. One of the primary driving forces behind research into ionic liquids is the perceived benefit of substituting traditional industrial solvents, most of which are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with non-volatile ionic liquids. Replacement of conventional solvents by ionic liquids would prevent the emission of VOCs, a major source of environmental pollution. Ionic liquids are not intrinsically “green”—some are extremely toxic—but they can be designed to be environmentally benign, with large potential benefits for sustainable chemistry. There are four principal strategies to avoid using conventional organic solvents: No solvent (heterogeneous catalysis), water, supercritical fluids, and ionic liquids. The solventless option is the best established, and is central to the petrochemical industry, the least polluting chemical sector. The use of water can also be advantageous, but many organic compounds are difficult to dissolve in water, and disposing of contaminated aqueous streams is expensive2. Supercritical fluids, which have both gas- and liquid-like properties, are highly versatile solvents for chemical synthesis. This technology was recently commercialized by Thomas Swan and Co., Ltd., in a chemical plant designed for multipurpose synthesis. Together with ionic liquids, these alternative solvent strategies (sometimes referred to as alternative reaction media or green solvents) provide a range of options to industrialists looking to minimize the environmental impact of their chemical processes. What are the advantages of using a room-temperature ionic liquid in an industrially relevant catalytic process? As noted above, ionic liquids have no detectable vapour pressure, and therefore contribute no VOCs to the atmosphere. But this is not the only reason for using ionic liquids. Another is that at least a million binary ionic liquids, and 1018 ternary ionic liquids, are potentially possible3. (For comparison, about 600 molecular solvents are in use today.) The next decade should see ionic liquids being used in many applications where conventional organic solvents are used today. Furthermore, ionic liquids will enable new applications that are not possible with conventional solvents. In the future, solvents will be designed to control chemistry, rather than the chemistry being dictated by the more limited range of molecular solvents currently used4. As discussed above, Ionic liquids are salts consisting of cations such as imidazolium, pyridinium, quarternary ammonium and quarternaryphosphonium, and anions such as halogen, triflate, trifluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate, which exists in the liquid state at relatively low temperatures. Their characteristic features include almost no vapour pressure, non-inflammability, non-combustibility, high thermal stability, relatively low viscosity, wide temperature ranges for being liquids and ionic liquid conductivity.

The present investigation was planned to formulate effervescent floating, gastroretentive guar gum tablets containing famotidine, which can be useful in the treatment of gastric ulcer. The investigations carried out on various formulations resulted in totally four formulations obeying zero order kinetics. The study on rheological characteristics of powder bed indicated that, all the granules were freely flowing and compressible; density of all the tablets was less than 1, thereby assisting in floating of the dosage form on the surface of the simulated gastric fluids in vitro. Studies on compression characteristics indicated that, the tablets float over the surface and remain over the surface for a period of more than 10 h, except FS and FS1, which stay over the surface little lesser time than other tablets. Drug content was fairly uniform and consistent. The floating guar gum tablets containing HPMC K4M and Xanthan gum as binders follow zero order drug release kinetics. The increasing the amounts of magnesium stearate does not significantly alter the drug release kinetics; it improves the flowability of the granule bed. Tablets swell when in contact with water and the swelling index is highest with xanthan gum gel followed by the order, followed by FH> FX1> FC>FH1> FC1>FS>FS1. Stability studies at 45ºC and 75 % RH indicates that there is decrease in drug content, amounting to 30%, when observed for a period of 3 months.

Polygonum barbatum (Polygonaceae) is a plant, reported for its variety of ethnic medicinal uses. Hence we have planned to screen antiulcer activity of whole plant with the alcoholic and aqueous extracts. Whole plant was successively extracted with alcohol and water was subjected for phytochemical screening to identify different phytoconstituents. Ld50 studies for both (alcoholic and aqueous) extracts were conducted upto the dose level of 2 g /kgby following OECD up and down method of guidelines No.425. Anti-ulcer activity was evaluated in various animal models like Pylorus ligation, Ethanol Induced gastric mucosal damage ulcer modelsin rats. Preliminary phytochemical studies revealed the presence of saponins, sterols,mucilage, glycosides, alkaloids, steroidal saponins in both the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of P. barbatum. No mortality was observed with any of the 2 extracts up to the maximum dose level of 2 g/kg. Further alcoholic and aqueous extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o but not with 100 mg/kg p.o doses significantly reduced the ulcer score, ulcer number, ulcer index, free acidity and total acidity in Pylorus ligation, Ethanol Induced gastric mucosal damage ulcer models in rats.The present study revealed the antiulcer activity of whole plant extracts of P. barbatum and the activities are due to the presence of phytochemical constituents such as saponins, sterols, mucilage, glycoside, alkaloids, steroidal saponins as these phytochemical constituents were already reported for the above mentioned effects.

The present work describes a simple, precise and accurate HPLC method for estimation of montelukast sodium in bulk and in tablet dosage form. Montelukast sodium is a selective and orally active leukotriene receptor antagonist that inhibits the cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT1) receptor. The separation was achieved by using Waters symmetry shield RP-C8 column and acetonitrile: sodium di-hydrogen Phosphate dehydrate (pH 3.7) in proportion of 70:30 v/v as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. Detection was carried out at 225 nm. The retention time of montelukast sodium was found to be 3.721 min. The limit of detection was found 0.1357 µg/ml and limit of quantification 0.4111 µg/ml. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed method was ascertained by evaluating various validation parameters like linearity (1-30 µg/ml), accuracy, precision, robustness and specificity according to ICH guidelines. The method was statistically validated and RSD was found to be less than 2% indicating high degree of accuracy and precision of the proposed HPLC method. Due to its simplicity, rapidness, high precision and accuracy, the proposed HPLC method may be used for determining Montelukast in bulk or in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Voluntary written consent given by potential subjects to participate in a clinical trial is known an informed consent. The informed consent process is designed keeping in mind the safety, benefits and rights of the research participants. Participants should sign the informed consent form only after they have thoroughly read and understood the content given in informed consent form and they should be able to utilize all the benefits and rights mentioned in the form. Research team should make an attempt to clarify the potential subjects about the difference between Clinical trial and Pharmacotherapeutics. This article contains the history, key elements, basic requirements, influential factors and obstacles of informed consent process.

In this study core in coat tablets containing enteric coated Pantaprazole (PP) core and Cefuroxime axetil (CA) floating type coat formulation as single unit prepared by compression coating method. The tablets were evaluated for their various pre-compression, compression characteristics, in vitro drug release kinetics and stability studies. The analytical estimation of drugs was found to be accurate and precise. The results of rheological characteristics indicated that, the powder beds of both core formulations of PP are freely flowable and easily compressible. Acryl EZE coating over the core tablets protects PP from GI fluids and helps in release of drug in intestinal pH. These studies on coat granules indicated that, the granule beds of all the coat formulations of CA are easily compressible and that flow increases with the addition of glidants. The release rate of CA from HPMC K4M formulations is majorly by burst effect, since HPMCK4M is relatively more hydrophilic and when swells it forms weaker gel. Also, the release of CA from guar gum and xanthan gum formulations follows zero order release The guar gum when it swells forms thicker gels hence the release rate ‘k’ is small of the three diluents. Stability studies at 40°C / 75% RH indicated that there is no significant change in CA content for a period of 3 months. Therefore it could be concluded that the combination of PP and CA would be useful for improved ulcer therapy associated with symptomatic relief to the patient.

The preparation method of Hot melt extrusion involves the treatment of temperature to get the desired properties of the Solid Dispersion. No significant changes has been observed in the physical nature of the both the rochlorothiazide and the carrier. The carrier concentration plays a determining role for in improving solubility of the Hydrochlorothiazide without altering the physical and chemical properties. The carrier selected for the present study was Poloxamer 188 which is very soluble in water and having the capacity to modify the solubility when used along with Hydrochlorothiazide. The preliminary formulations were planned for varying concentration of the Poloxamer 188. The results of the preliminary formulations were promising mainly in drug release pattern and other parameters. The Solid Dispersion of the Hydrochlorothiazide prepared by Hot melt extrusion method using Poloxamer 188 as carrier showed maximum solubility enhancement of Hydrochlorothiazide. The optimum release was found in concentration range of 55%-75%, and was considered for further studies. The final formulations of Solid Dispersion prepared by Hot melt extrusion method were simple and frangible enough to be ground easily. This is indicative of good material handling properties of prepared Solid Dispersion and from the industrial point of view because pulverization of Solid Dispersions is one of the major problems.

Stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for analysis of cefoxitin sodium in its powder for injection dosage form. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 µBondapack (300×3.9, 10µ) column, maintained at 30°C with a mobile phase consisted of water: acetonitrile: glacial acetic acid (800:190:10) and a flow rate of 0.9mL/min. The peak was detected at 254nm and the retention time was obtained at 16.74 min. the peak area plot was linear over the concentration range of 72.16µg/mL to 451.04µg/mL. The different experimental parameters affecting the drug stability were optimized. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, reproducibility, specificity, robustness and ruggedness in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of cefoxitin sodium in drug substance and drug product in the presence of hydrolytic and oxidative degradants.